Free Essays on Euclid

Euclid Euclid is a programming language trying to merge two different programming paradigms: (constraint) logic programming and algebraic manipulation packages. Its syntax is close to that of any CLP system but it offers many more mathematically oriented data structures and domains of computation than a standard CLP system. Among these data structures are reals, real intervals, real symbolic functions and vectors as well as user-defined structures containing domain constructs. The purpose of Euclid is to create system under which knowledge that uses mathematics can be easily represented (i.e. mathematical models in physics, economics or engineering). The system is intended mainly for problem solving; the main difference with standard CLP systems is that it prefers hard calculations to a great number of simple ones. Theoretically Euclid is an instance of the Domain Logic Programming Scheme, a multi-domain extension to constraint logic programming. Formal correctness and completeness can be proven in that scheme. A Euclid program is a collection of constraint clauses. Each constraint clause is a statement about the problem in hand. Constraint clauses have a standard form, which is based on the constraint normal form. Clauses do not offer the full expresionality of the logic but they offer easy computational manipulation. A constraint clause is a logical statement of the form: Head :- {C1,...,Cn},Body Where â€Å"Head† is an atom, â€Å"C1,...,Cn† are D-domain constraints and â€Å"Body† is a conjunction of atoms. A D-domain constraint is a relation defined on a specific domain (Euclid contains a number of different domains). Syntactically it is an atom with some restrictions on the terms it contains. Euclid code would appear something like this: 1 gravity_force_field(M,G,F):- 2 reals([M,G]), 3 formula(F), 4 F=(M*G)//X. 5 Object_dynamics(F,M,A):- 6 Formulae([F,A]), 7 Real(M), 8 (1/M)*F=A. Here the program is made of... Free Essays on Euclid Free Essays on Euclid Euclid Euclid is a programming language trying to merge two different programming paradigms: (constraint) logic programming and algebraic manipulation packages. Its syntax is close to that of any CLP system but it offers many more mathematically oriented data structures and domains of computation than a standard CLP system. Among these data structures are reals, real intervals, real symbolic functions and vectors as well as user-defined structures containing domain constructs. The purpose of Euclid is to create system under which knowledge that uses mathematics can be easily represented (i.e. mathematical models in physics, economics or engineering). The system is intended mainly for problem solving; the main difference with standard CLP systems is that it prefers hard calculations to a great number of simple ones. Theoretically Euclid is an instance of the Domain Logic Programming Scheme, a multi-domain extension to constraint logic programming. Formal correctness and completeness can be proven in that scheme. A Euclid program is a collection of constraint clauses. Each constraint clause is a statement about the problem in hand. Constraint clauses have a standard form, which is based on the constraint normal form. Clauses do not offer the full expresionality of the logic but they offer easy computational manipulation. A constraint clause is a logical statement of the form: Head :- {C1,...,Cn},Body Where â€Å"Head† is an atom, â€Å"C1,...,Cn† are D-domain constraints and â€Å"Body† is a conjunction of atoms. A D-domain constraint is a relation defined on a specific domain (Euclid contains a number of different domains). Syntactically it is an atom with some restrictions on the terms it contains. Euclid code would appear something like this: 1 gravity_force_field(M,G,F):- 2 reals([M,G]), 3 formula(F), 4 F=(M*G)//X. 5 Object_dynamics(F,M,A):- 6 Formulae([F,A]), 7 Real(M), 8 (1/M)*F=A. Here the program is made of...

How to Send AP Scores to Colleges

How to Send AP Scores to Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've taken AP exams, you might be wondering how to send AP scores to colleges. How do you ensure that colleges get your AP scores? Is it possible to send official AP score reports? Here, we give you a complete guide that goes over how to send AP scores, which colleges want to see these scores with your applications, and how you can save money on sending scores. Do You Need Official AP Score Reports for Your Applications? First off,do colleges want the official AP score report when you're applying,or is it just for the purpose of verifying scores once you've enrolled? This is important to know before you spend any money to send your scores. Turns out, AP scores often appear on your high school transcript.Ask your guidance counselor whether your school includes AP scores on its transcripts or not. Furthermore, there is a place on the Common Application where you can self-report your AP scores. Given this information, and by looking at college websites and contacting admissions offices, we’ve learned that most colleges want applicants to self-report AP scores on their applications,and only send in an official report once they've committed to attending. This means you’ll only submit one official AP score report in your life, once you’ve chosen the college you want to go to. Here's what a Harvard admissions representative said when we called their office: "For the application we need at least one official report for the SAT or ACT. If you take the SAT Subject Tests, you should send one as well ... For AP tests, you can self-report your scores." Stanford and MIT said the same thing as well. Princeton puts this policy directly on their website: "We recommend that you self-report all of your AP or IB scores on your application. You must submit your SAT and/or ACT scores to Princeton directly from the testing firms." Yale has a similar policyon its website: "If you have Advanced Placement (AP) scores, we recommend that you self-report them in the space provided in the testing section of the Common Application, Coalition Application, or QuestBridge National College Match Application." Don’t confuse sending AP scores with sending SAT/ACT scores- those scores have to be sent for admission directly from the testing agency (the College Board or ACT, Inc., respectively). Exception: Schools With Flexible Standardized Testing Policies Although most colleges don't require AP scores and prefer applicants to self-report any scores they have on their applications, there is an exception to this ifyou're applying to a college that has a flexible standardized test policy.For example, if you're applying to NYU, you can submitthree AP test scores in place of the SAT/ACT for admission. If you're submitting AP scores as your standardized test scores, they must be on an official score report or on a report by a school official.In other words, you can't just self-report your scores. Therefore, if you’re a senior looking to send AP scores to your chosen college, or if you’re applying to a school that has a flexible-testing policy, such as NYU, you’ll need to know how to send scores. Keep reading to learn how! You can use your AP scores, instead of the ACT or SAT, to apply to NYU. How to Send AP Scores Using Your AP Answer Sheet Every year you take AP Exams, you have the opportunity to send one free AP score report. You do this by entering the four-digit code of the college, university, or scholarship program on your AP answer sheet. (Your AP Booklet will include an index with codes for most colleges and universities, but you can also look up codes here.)This is a great way to get all your AP scores sent during your senior year to the college you’ve chosen to attend, free of charge! I called the College Board and confirmed that when you use this service, it sends allAP scores you have ever gotten and not just that year’s scores. If you're a senior, you will have made your college choice by the time of AP exams(the reply deadline is May 1, and AP exams are held the first two weeks of May), so go ahead and send your scores to your future school. You can send these free scores if you want during your freshman, sophomore, and/or junior year, but keep in mind that it’s not really necessary to do this since you’ll be self-reporting your AP scores on your college applications anyway. Furthermore, I strongly recommend not sending your AP scores to your dream/reach schools when you're a freshman, sophomore, or juniorfor the same reason I'm hesitant about sending the free ACT/SAT score reports- you're sending your scores blind, and you don't want to send bad ones! Although one bad AP score isn’t exactly going to ruin your college admission chances, I think it’s safer to wait and report AP scores on your actual application. If you're a freshman, sophomore, or junior, just focus on doing well on the AP tests- not sending scores. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. How to Order AP Score Reports Online, Anytime If you forget to use the free score report option your senior year, or if you’re sending AP scores for an application, follow the steps below to learn how to send scores online at any point in the year. First,log in to your College Board account to view and send your AP scores. On the first page after you log in, click on the "Send Scores to Colleges Now" button to get started. Your scores are right below this, organized by year. Look up the college (or colleges) you're sending scores to, pay the fee, and then receive a confirmation and expected delivery date. The fee for standard delivery of AP score reports is $15 per report, andthe fee for rush delivery is $25 per report. Standard delivery takes about seven to 14 business days, while rush delivery takes approximately five to nine business days. Standard delivery should be just finesince you are most likely sending these senior year in time for your registrar’s office to receive them before classes start your freshman year of college. Check with your college’s registrar to get the deadline for submitting AP scores. If you're submitting AP scores for college applications, be mindful of deadlines so you can send your scores using standard delivery and save some money. Note that since June/July is a busy time for score reports, orders placed between June 15, 2018, and July 2, 2018, won't be processed and sent until July 3. To make up for this, these reports will be processed on July 3 as rush delivery but will cost the cheaper standard delivery fee ($15). If you're a senior, check your college's deadline for receipt of AP scores for credit and placement to make sure that your scores will arrive on time given the June/July score crunch. Additional Ways to Order AP Score Reports If you can't order AP score reports online for some reason, you may instead submit a request to the College Board by either mail or fax. #1: By Mail To order AP score reports by mail,submit a written, signed request with your payment method. Your request should include the following information: Your full name You mailing address Your phone number Your sex You date of birth AP number(s) Your Social Security number (if you provided it on your answer sheet) Name and address of your high school Full name(s) of the AP exam(s) for which you're sending scores Year(s) you took the AP exam(s) Credit card number with expiration date, check, or money order Name, city, state, and four-digit code(s) for the college(s) you're sending AP scores to You'll then mail the request to the following address: AP ServicesPO Box 6671Princeton, NJ 08541-6671 #2: By Fax If you'd rather order AP scores by fax,submit a signed, written request that includes all the information listed above to the AP Services fax number:610-290-8979. You must also include your credit card number and expiration date in your request. 2 Other AP Score Report Options You have a couple of additional options you can use if you don't want to send one or more of your AP scores. #1: AP Score Withholding You can withhold one or more AP scores from any college you're sending AP scores to. This is a helpful solution if you have a bunch of 4s and 5s but also a 2 you're embarrassed about. It costs $10 per score per college to withhold a score.You have tomail an official request to the College Boardto take advantage of this option. The score you choose to withhold won't be included on any future AP score reports sent to that college,and it won't be deleted from your records. You can later release the score to that college (if desired) by sending AP Services a signed written request. Note that it won't cost you any extra money to release a withheld score. Is this option worth it, though? Not if you’re sending your AP scores to a college you’ve already gotten into. By the time you’ve gotten accepted, that school is probably more concerned with the tests you passed and aren’t going to kick you out just because you have some lower AP scores. However, if you’re applying to a school with a flexible standardized test policy and only want them to see your top scores, this might be a good option for you. Especially since these schools often only require a few AP scores, it would be fine to leave off any lower scores you have so you can present your best case for admission. #2: AP Score Cancellation It's also possible to completely cancel an AP score. Canceling an AP test score deletes it forever. You can cancel an AP exam at any time, but you have to cancel by June 15 the year you take the AP test to prevent it from showing up on the score report being sent to the college you designated on your AP answer sheet. While canceling technically doesn't cost any money, you're losing the money you spent to take the exam. Our advice? Don’t go through the hassle of canceling a score if you’re just submitting your AP score report to your chosen college. Again, they’re not going to revoke your admission thanks to one low AP score. You can make your own call on this if you have a low score (1 or 2) you don’t want a college to see, and you’re submitting a score report for an application. That said,colleges generally want to see that you’ve taken the AP exam after taking an AP class. Withholding might be the better option since you’ll still have access to that test score in case you decide you want to keep it. Finally,never, ever delete a score of 3 or higher! Don't just assume that no place will accept your 3. The truth is that many colleges accept scores of 3 or higher on AP exams. And since you don’t know how the college admissions process will shake out for you until senior year, you might regret hastily deleting a 3 you could have used for credit! What’s Next? Taking AP exams is great, but did you know many colleges look for SAT Subject Tests as well? Get a complete list of colleges that require SAT subject tests for admission here. Have you taken the SAT or ACT yet? Happy with your score? Learn what a good or bad ACT/SAT score looks like at your top schools. Will taking AP classes help you get into Harvard? Maybe- but they’re not the only component you need. Get an in-depth guide for getting into the nation’s top schools by our resident SAT full scorer and PrepScholar co-founder, Allen Cheng. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

To what extent did the successive rulers successfully avoid the Essay

To what extent did the successive rulers successfully avoid the principles of the Revolution between 1815 and 1848 - Essay Example By doing this, we will not only be able to understand this subject matter better, but we will also be able to attain a much more knowledgeable and informed point of view on this issue as well. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The French Revolution took place basically from the year 1789 to the year 1799, and it was a period in which serious political and social change took place in regards to the political history of France and Europe as a whole. As well, it was a period during which "the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment ideals of democracy, citizenship, and inalienable rights. These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, including mass executions and repressions during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power" (Wikipedia, 2007). After the Revolution, and basically for the next century on, France would then be governed as a republic, a dictatorship, a constitutional monarchy, and an empire as well. There are many different causes that are considered as being influential on the start of the French Revolution, and in particular there are many economic factors that are involved here. After all there was an incredibly poor economic situation that was present as well as a rather unmanageable national debt, and not only that but there were also a high number of wars during the 18th century, a fact which also greatly contributed to the start of the Revolution. As well there was an incredibly high unemployment rate and food scarcity that was apparent, particularly so in the months immediately preceding the onset of the Revolution. However there were also many social and political factors that were involved here, and for instance, there was a resentment of royal absolutism, as well as a resentment of noble privilege and dominance in public life by that of the more ambitious professional classes. The French Revolution, rather ironically enough, is considered as being a failed revolution, as "Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite quickly descended to the towering figure of Robespierre and his Reign of Terror as the revolution spun out of control and began to murder itself. First the royalists were beheaded, next the moderate girondists, and by then the violence and suspicion was totally out of hand as the revolution devoured itself" (French, n.d.). It was in the year 1789 when the National Assembly took a collective oath to draft a new and 'better' civil constitution for France, and this task was finally completed in the year 1791. "The new constitution declared France to be a constitutional monarchyandWithin this new government, all legislative powers would fall to a single Legislative Assembly, which alone had the power to declare war and raise taxes" (Hooker, 1996). There were many things that came from this new constitution, and one of the most primary matters was that of economic reform; as the Assembly was faced with the project of reforming the finances and economy of the country and, not only this, but as well, the government

School violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School violence - Essay Example To start with, single parents have increased tremendously. There many different studies that use single parents to demonstrate the effects children have of not being exposed to both a maternal and paternal figure. However, single parents are not just people whose spouses have passed away and the family is left to cope with the loss. Single parents can be divorcee, widowed, or have never even been married. Not being exposed to a paternal and maternal figure can lead to many mental disturbances, provoking violent and unacceptable behavior. On 22nd March of 2005, a 17 year old Jeff Weise terrorized the Minnesota school. It was one of the worst school shootouts recorded in history. A few students were injured but more horrifying was the fact that some students had actually lost their lives. Jeff Weise had also shot himself after a shootout with the police ("Massacre in Minnesota"). Before coming to school, Jeff had shot his grandfather and his grandfather's 32-year-old girlfriend. Jeff was categorized by his schoolmates as antisocial. No doubt, Jeff himself had lived a rather depressing life. His father committed suicide four years back and his mother got into an auto accident which placed her in the nursery. Jeff was living with his grandfather who was on the force. This kind of absurdity exists because certain kids are lacking the attention they need. In Jeff's case, he was lacking a lot of attention. After his father committed suicide, when Jeff was only thirteen-years-old, Jeff had most probably not been able to ful ly cope and recover from that traumatic experience. In a Psychology article by Lawrence J. Walker, this kind of behavior is called as an outcry for help (Walker 1997). When kids do not get the attention they crave, no other choice is left but to resort to negative attention. The negative attention is the only way these kids get any attention at all. The more parents neglect their children or fail to understand what it is that their children want, the higher are the chances that these children will join the wrong crowd and try getting negative attention. Another way single parents are contributing to the lack of attention given to the children is by giving in to the children's demands. Propaganda in advertising is targeted for these children of single parents. When a child sees the big yellow M sign and the happy smiling face of Ronald, they usually scream with delight, "McDonald!" It is difficult for a single parent to refuse to the demands their child is making. This is not just because the parent is showing affection, but rather because by refusing the child, the parent will have to deal with a lot of fuss and tantrums that is timing consuming. And time is one thing that single parents really do not have. This leads to the child maintaining a habit of unhealthy food and even worse, of getting anything it desires. The child from an early age has learned be assertive. This is a good quality as being opposed to having a low self-esteem, but in some cases, this kind of assertiveness reappears as the child goes to school and bullies t he other children. The purpose of this paper is of course not to bash single parents but rather to show that some single parents are not giving their children the attention the child needs. Another way single

Visual language Essay Example for Free

Visual language Essay One of the ways in which the poets bring out what the people are like through the language of the two poems is by using similes. In Two Scavengers the poet uses the simile like some gargoyle Quasimodo to symbolize that the bin man is unsightly. The simile the peasants came like swarms of flies and buzzed the name of God a hundred times in Night of the Scorpion suggests that the peasants are rushing to the attraction and are also religious, but annoying like buzzing flies. The poets also use metaphors like grey iron hair implying that the bin man is old and tired. Throwing giant scorpion shadows symbolizes the amount of mental power the scorpion holds, and as the poem is a prose-poem written by the point of view of a child watching as his mother is bitten by a scorpion, this statement emphasises how frightened the child must have been. The peasants are referred to as they showing that they are distant from the child. The poet of Two Scavengers uses no punctuation, so the different lengths of the sentences cause the pause effects. The poet of Night of the Scorpion uses personification by saying flame feeding on my mother. He uses repetition for they said hinting that the peasants say a lot of things but do nothing, he also applies repetition to more to emphasise the fact that more unnecessary and redundant peasants who will not help the predicament are coming, and uses repetition for May to perhaps show that the peasants are uncertain of what good can possibly come out of this terrible event. The Night of the Scorpion is written in free verse with different line lengths and no rhyme. The structure of Two Scavengers is also quite free as the poet uses a new line for a pause, instead of punctuation. In the structure of Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, there is a contrast within the title. This poem seems fragmented and broken up on the page and this might suggest the broken nature of society. The lines of this poem overlap so the elements of the characters lives overlap, but are separated from the two distinct worlds, therefore the poem resembles the reality. The last line of the poem which consists of three parts is segregated from the stanza above to show how distant democracy is from them. The word democracy is isolated from the poem , hence creating an emphasis on the word, and also highlighting the core issue throughout the poem. In Night of the Scorpion similarly to Two Scavengers the last sentence is separate from the rest of the poem as well. The reason for this could be because the mother is weak throughout the poem, but becomes strong at the end. In addition, it could be due to the fact that it is the only time the mother has spoken in the poem. The differences of the language in these two poems are that Two Scavengers utilises visual language to describe the characters appearances: this effect creates an image in the readers mind unlike Night of the Scorpion which describes the actions and speech of the characters instead.  In my opinion, Two Scavengers in a Truck is more appealing in view of the fact that it keeps the reader thinking, furthermore it forces the reader to question the world we live in and whether there is a thing such as democracy, and how we are supposed to be living in a modern world and modern culture in which everyone is equal, but is that really the reality? However, Night of the Scorpion has a major effect too, by presenting a tragic situation which represents the seriousness of the lack of health and medical care in poor countries. It is also an uplifting poem which shows a family never giving up hope. Similarly, both poems contain conflict: Two Scavengers is between two worlds and whether democracy exists at all, and Night of the Scorpion is a struggle between maintaining hope and faith and giving in to your fears and doubts.  Despite the impact of Night of the Scorpion if the reader was not from a third-world country, they would probably find Two Scavengers in a Truck more appealing as it discusses issues which are relevant and significant to them in their country and culture, moreover it debates about problems which would actually make a difference to them and affect them if they are supposedly living in a democracy. On the contrary, if the reader was from a poor country and had experienced or witnessed lack of medical care, they would most likely prefer Night of the Scorpion as it exposes issues which they would find relevant.

Holocaust 2000 :: essays research papers

Lesson 2 Step 9 Stanley von Herschaur was robbed. People are going to die. Stanley was one pissed off customer to have been screwed like this by the stamp-collecting community. Maybe just the people that he had spoken to, clearly not everyone deserved 'death', maybe just deserved a hell of a beating. He knows what will happen, today he's drunk off his ass, tomorrow he's a committed revolutionary ready to bring about another Holocaust. Stanley was happy about one thing when the darkness enveloped his soul into a lust for vengeance, he whispered to the open bottle of Johnny Walker,... "someone's gonna get it". The hangover punched him in the face that morning, the name of the man who had hired thieve's to raid the house flashed up to him, like a bullet delivered to the back of his dizzy head. Rosenberg. A greedy swindler with a devilish face. Yitzvah. An old humpback with beady little eyes. Yitzvah Rosenberg!! The man he had spoken to once before, the one so greedy to clutch for Stanley's fortune that he offered thirty-five hundred dollars for the Austrian Red Mercury, the single most expensive stamp in Stanley's collection that was worth about ninety-three hundred dollars. Stanley stumbled around. He walked up to the closet, slid it's doors open and dropped to his knees. The wooden floor board could be displaced. He clawed at the floor for a minute until he discovered the board that was split in two pieces, removing it gave way to the steel lever that was installed to open the secret cabinet behind the clothes rack. He did it, got up to his feet and pushed the clothe's hangers aside and threw both arms forward as if to receive Christ's mercy right there and then. Stanley made his way outside. All dressed up, the trench coat concealed the boom-stick he held underneath. He knew where to go now. Yitzvah sat at his desk looking through his newly acquired fortune. Suddenly the door was pushed open and Stanley walked through.

Environmental Movement Essay

Environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not enemy of) ecosystems, the movement is centered on ecology, health, and human rights. The environmental movement is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to grassroots. Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, religious devotees, politicians, and extremists. History of the movement The roots of the modern environmental movement can be traced to attempts in 19th-century Europe and North America to expose the costs of environmental negligence, notably disease, as well as widespread air and water pollution, but only after the Second World War did a wider awareness begin to emerge. The US environmental movement emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, with two key strands: preservationist such as John Muir wanted land and nature set aside for its own sake, while conservationists such as Gifford Pinchot wanted to manage natural resources for human use. Among the early protectionists that stood out as leaders in the movement were Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and George Perkins Marsh. Thoreau was concerned about the wildlife in Massachusetts; he wrote Walden; or, Life in the Woods as he studied the wildlife from a cabin. John Muir founded the Sierra Club, one of the largest conservation organizations in the United States. Marsh was influential with regards to the need for resource conservation. Muir was instrumental in the creation of Yosemite national park in 1890. Muir was also personally involved in the creation of Sequoia , Mount Rainier , Petrified Forest and Grand Canyon national parks. Muir deservedly is often called the â€Å"Father of Our National Park System. â€Å" During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, several events illustrated the magnitude of environmental damage caused by humans. In 1954, the 23 man crew of the  Japanese fishing vessel Lucky Dragon 5 was exposed to radioactive fallout from a hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll. The publication of the book Silent Spring (1962) by Rachel Carson drew attention to the impact of chemicals on the natural environment. In 1967, the oil tanker Torrey Canyon went aground off the southwest coast of England, and in 1969 oil spilled from an offshore well in California’s Santa Barbara Channel. In 1971, the conclusion of a law suit in Japan drew international attention to the effects of decades of mercury poisoning on the people of Minamata. At the same time, emerging scientific research drew new attention to existing and hypothetical threats to the environment and humanity. Among them were Paul R. Ehrlich, whose book The Population Bomb (1968) revived concerns about the impact of exponential population growth. Biologist Barry Commoner generated a debate about growth, affluence and â€Å"flawed technology. † Additionally, an association of scientists and political leaders known as the Club of Rome published their report The Limits to Growth in 1972, and drew attention to the growing pressure on natural resources from human activities. Meanwhile, technological accomplishments such as nuclear proliferation and photos of the Earth from outer space provided both new insights and new reasons for concern over Earth’s seemingly small and unique place in the universe. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, and for the first time united the representatives of multiple governments in discussion relating to the state of the global environment. This conference led directly to the creation of government environmental agencies and the UN Environment Program. The United States also passed new legislation such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act- the foundations for current environmental standards. By the mid-1970s anti-nuclear activism had moved beyond local protests and politics to gain a wider appeal and influence. Although it lacked a single co-ordinating organization the anti-nuclear movement’s efforts gained a great deal of attention. In the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, many mass demonstrations took place. The largest one was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved 200,000 people; speeches were given by Jane Fonda and Ralph Nader. Since the 1970s, public awareness, environmental sciences, ecology, and technology have advanced to include modern focus points like ozone depletion, global climate change, acid rain, and the potentially harmful genetically modified organisms . Scope of the movement Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment. * Ecology, or ecological science, is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how these properties are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. Modern environmentalism Today, the sciences of ecology and environmental science, rather than any aesthetic goals, provide the basis of unity to most serious environmentalists. As more information is gathered in scientific fields, more scientific issues like biodiversity, as opposed to mere aesthetics, are a concern. Conservation biology is a rapidly developing field. Environmentalism now has proponents in business: new ventures such as those to reuse and recycle consumer electronics and other technical equipment are gaining popularity. Computer liquidators are just one example. In recent years, the environmental movement has increasingly focused on global warming as a top issue. As concerns about climate change moved more into the mainstream, from the connections drawn between global warming and Hurricane Katrina to Al Gore’s film An Inconvenient Truth, many environmental groups refocused their efforts. In the United States, 2007 witnessed the largest grassroots environmental demonstration in years, Step It Up 2007, with rallies in over 1,400 communities and all 50 states for real global warming solutions. Many religious organizations and individual churches now have programs and activities dedicated to environmental issues. The religious movement is often supported by interpretation of scriptures. Most major religious groups are represented including Jewish, Islamic, Anglican, Orthodox, Evangelical, Christian and Catholic. Radical environmentalism Radical environmentalism emerged out of an ecocentrism-based frustration with the co-option of mainstream environmentalism. The radical environmental movement aspires to what scholar Christopher Manes calls â€Å"a new kind of environmental activism: iconoclastic, uncompromising, discontented with traditional conservation policy, at time illegal †¦ Radical environmentalism presupposes a need to reconsider Western ideas of religion and philosophy (including capitalism, patriarchy[10] and globalization)[11] sometimes through â€Å"resacralising† and reconnecting with nature. [10] Greenpeace represents an organisation with a radical approach, but has contributed in serious ways towards understanding of critical issues, and has a science-oriented core with radicalism as a means to mediaexposure. Groups like Earth First! take a much more radical posture. Criticisms A study reported in The Guardian concluded that â€Å"people who believe they have the greenest lifestyles can be seen as some of the main culprits behind global warming. † The researchers found that individuals who were more environmentally conscious were more likely to take long-distance overseas flights, and that the resulting carbon emissions outweighed the savings from green lifestyles at home.

Organizational Management Essay

A1. As the chairman of the board of the Utah Opera, Bill Bailey is in a position of influence to motivate the Opera’s board of directors to oppose a merger with the Utah Symphony by employing the use of Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. This theory suggests that people are motivated by three distinct determinants; valence (reward), expectancy (performance), and instrumentality (belief). Vroom believed that motivation is a result of the level to which a person desires a reward (valence), the analysis of the probability that the effort put forth will deliver the desired performance (expectancy) and the belief that the performance will result in the attainment of a reward (instrumentality). In the case of the Utah Opera, the most desirable reward (valence) would be remaining financially solvent in spite of a weak economy. The required performance (expectancy) is to support or oppose a merger with the Utah Symphony to strengthen the financial standing of both organizations. The belief in the attainment of the desired outcome (instrumentality) is the continued success of the Utah Opera. In order to motivate the Opera’s board of directors using these factors, Mr. Bailey would need to emphasize the vastly different financial considerations of the two programs. Contrasting the Utah Opera’s business model offering flexibility for performance scheduling, as well as the organization’s cash reserves, and tangible assets against the Symphony’s contractually obligated business model lacking any flexibility, high expenditures, and little or no assets to speak of would be of significant importance. By concluding his assessment of the proposed merger with exerts from the letters of opposition written from the community and Mrs. Abravanel, Mr. Bailey would present enough logical and factual information to convince the Opera’s board of directors to oppose the merger. In consideration of their desire for the organization to remain financially solvent in spite of the weak economy (valence), the board of directors for the Utah Opera would more than likely oppose a merger with the Utah Symphony (expectancy) believing that such a merger with the Symphony would weaken the  financial strength of the Opera (instrumentality). A2. As the chairman of the board of the Utah Symphony, Scott Parker is in a position of influence to motivate Mrs. Abravanel to support a merger with the Utah Symphony by employing the use of the Adam’s Equity theory. This theory suggests that people are motivated to act a certain way because being fair and just is of great importance to them. Inequity and injustice are held in relationship to personal satisfaction based on an individual’s perception of inputs and outcomes. Adams believed that an individual perceiving themselves as either under or over- rewarded would become distressed and be motivated to take action to restore balance or equity in a relationship. In the case of the Scott Parker, in order to motivate Mrs. Abravanel to support a merger between the Symphony and the Opera, he would have to appeal to her strongly reported desire to be just and fair like her husband. One such case could be made if Mr. Parker were to point out that the full year, salaried contrac ts her husband fought to win for the musicians in the Symphony could be threatened by the weakening economy and the threat of a deficit looming. A negative equity situation for the artists involved with Opera could also be offered as a comparison. With lower pay, fewer performances, and no contracts, those involved in the Opera lack equity to the wages, standards, and employment security enjoyed by Symphony musicians. Mrs. Abravanel, knowing how passionate her husband was about securing full time professional status and pay for the symphony musicians (input), would likely be motivated to support the merger as means to secure the contracts and pay for the Symphony and create an equal opportunity for the Opera artists(outcome). Additionally, highlighting the fact that the symphony was in the high end of Group II of symphony orchestras in the U.S. based on endowments and expenditures could also compel Mrs. Abravanel to support the merger. Carolyn Abravanel herself publically stated that her husband â€Å"would never take second billing to anyone.† Being in the lower of the two groups put the Symphony in a second billing situation. A successful merger would produce a higher combined budget and as well as larger endowments creating the likelihood that the Symphony could achieve Group I status and eliminate yet another negative equity situation for the Symphony. A3. Anne Ewers is a seasoned professional with a history of successful leadership within various Opera organizations around the country including the Utah Opera. Having worked her way up the ranks from a stage-director to be the general director of the Utah Opera, she earned a great deal of power. Power grants leaders the ability to direct the actions of others and make decisions with a degree of authority. A leader retains both positional and personal power. Anne’s positional power stems from the title she has earned. The title commands respects and gives her a degree of authority over others. It is based on external factors and can be removed. For instance, if Anne were to be removed from her position as the general director of the Opera, she would lose her positional power within the organization. On the other hand, Anne’s personal power is compilation of her good characteristics and traits that help her appeal to others. It is based on internal factors such as intellige nce, ethics, trustworthiness, charismatic nature, confidence, skill level, experience, and expertise. These things are part of who Anne is as a person, and therefore cannot be taken away from her. No matter what rank or title Anne has that gives her positional power, she cannot earn the respect and devotion of the people she leads without her personal power. The judicious use of positional power will enhance personal power and vice-versa with personal power and positional power. However, misuse of either will result in the reduction of both types of authority. Through the merger Anne would become the CEO of the integrated programs. As the CEO certain decisions would have to be made using her positional power. One example of this might include working with other leaders of the combined organizations to create an integration plan and a new vision for the combined programs and then implementing it with the artists and musicians. Another instance where the use of positional power would be appropriate for Anne to use would be for her to draft an organizational chart for the combined organ ization and take it to the board for approval. There are times decisions have to be made by a leader without passing the buck. To be an effective leader, Anne will need to have followers. This is where the influence of Anne’s personal power comes into play. Anne will have to wisely assess events on a situational  basis while at the same time considering the needs, motivators, and emotions of the people involved. By being thoughtful, honest, and fair she will earn the trust and respect of the people she leads. One example of how Anne might use her personal power might be found in how she chooses to listen to and address the concerns of Keith Lockhart. As the music director for the symphony he would be reporting directly to Anne Ewers. Being accustomed to having more person control than the new organizational structure allows will require some adjustments on his part. By listening intently to Keith and seeking his input where appropriate Anne has a greater chance of earning his respect, trust, and loyalty. A3a. In the potential merger, Anne would become the CEO of the integrated programs. With this position comes the power to make unilateral decisions necessary to operate the organization. To successfully lead the efforts as the proposed CEO, Anne Ewers should use her positional power to develop an integration plan and a solid structure for the new, integrated organization. By defining the roles of key individuals such as Keith Lockhart and Leslie Peterson, Anne could maximize their effectiveness in the merger, satisfy their need for control, and ensure a smooth transition. Gaining the support of the leaders in both entities is a vital to the cohesive success of the merger. Anne will need them to guide the artists and musicians through the transitional process By delegating some her own authority to each of these leaders Anne has a greater potential to make them each feel valued and important without actually relinquishing any real overall control. Due to the nature of her position, Anne will retain the final decisions in all business activities. As the CEO, Anne should also use her positional power to establish a workable budget the financial framework to support it for the board of directors to approve. Her shrewd business acumen, successful fundraising abilities, and a knack for creating financial reserves despite budgetary constraints will grant her expertise in this area. A well laid out financial plan than includes a detailed fundraising campaign is a pivotal portion of the success of the integrated organization. The board of directors and potential donors will need reassurance that the financial well being of the new conglomeration is secure. Anne Ewers will need to provide that in order to prove she was the correct choice for the CEO position. A3b. Anne Ewers has acquired a vast skill set and knowledge base through her years of experience working in the opera industry. She has proven herself to be an ethical, intelligent, trustworthy, confident, and charismatic leader. This compilation of traits and characteristics grant her a great deal of personal power to draw upon in order to empower Keith Lockhart after the merger. In this case, empowerment means Anne will need to give Mr. Lockhart power and official authority. She will first need to gain his trust and commitment. To achieve this Anne can share her vision for the combined organization and his role in it with him. Mr. Lockhart’s primary objection to the merger centered on his having to report to Mrs. Ewers in the new management structure. His own loss of power was a blow to his ego. As the CEO, Anne can transfer some of her positional power and authority to Mr. Lockhart to offset his negative feelings and make him feel valued. She can do this without diminishing any of her overall power or control. Using her personal power, Anne will also need to make Keith Lockhart feel like he is valued and needed as key decision maker in the integrated organization. She will need to emphasize that his participation as a leader is vital to the success of the merger. Mr. Lockhart has to know that he has the power to help set the course of the new entity. His input will be used to set goals, address issues associated with the merger, and to define the course of the symphony. In essence, Anne will need to convince Mr. Lockhart that he has the necessary power to guide the symphony into the future. A4. As a unionized body, the symphony musicians have contracts for wages and benefits protected by a collective agreement. This agreement calls for significant salary increases in each of the next two years. With some musicians fearing that the merger could lead the board of directors to reopen the current collective bargaining agreement as a means to renegotiate the expected salary increases and other terms, opposition to the merger and/or threat of a strike are potential issues at hand. A strike could be detrimental to the organization since there would be no symphony without the musicians, and the same musicians play for the opera. The bottom line is that both entities in the organization depend on the musicians to produce income. This position offers the group organizational strength and power. A4a. To mitigate the potential issue of opposition to the merger and/or threat of a strike with the musicians, it is recommended that Anne ensure the security of the musician’s contracts as written with the board of directors. With the board’s agreement, Anne could then approach the musicians with a guarantee that the current contracts will stand as written without any threat of renegotiation. Although this is a costly solution, neither the opera nor the symphony is in a position to operate without musicians. In the long run, honoring the contracts is most likely less expensive and detrimental to the new combined entity than a strike would be. The public relations ramifications could result in a more costly backlash than even the immediate monetary losses if it were to impact future donations. A5. With eleven years of proven leadership and a reputation for being energetic, enthusiastic, and capable, Anne Ewers is in an excellent position to persuade the Utah Opera staff to support the merger. By employing the use of soft tactics such as rational persuasion, and inspirational appeals, Anne is more likely to be influential with them. As a member of the Opera team herself, Anne is trusted and respected by the staff. Through rational persuasion Anne has the opportunity to logically explain the facts as to why the merger is good for the opera. Reiterating that the downturn in the economy and declining ticket sales would most likely impact the organization could be a starting point. Anne needs to explain that by no longer competing against the symphony for funding; both organizations would stand to gain a stronger footing. By promising to safeguard the Opera’s identity through process Anne could also ease their fears and gain their acceptance. Given her enthusiastic nature and proven track record for successfully guiding the opera, Anne could also make an inspirational appeal to the staff. As part of a larger entity with a solid economic backing, the opera could become a tier-one arts organization. Expanding the artistic potential of the opera would also elevate the status of the organization to be more in line with the symphony. This level of recognition could prove to be very meaningful to all those involved with the opera. Building enthusiasm for the merger as the way to achieve this type of recognition would help also Anne to garner the  staff’s commitment to the process.

11 Circle Expressions

11 Circle Expressions 11 Circle Expressions 11 Circle Expressions By Maeve Maddox A circle is a perfectly round plane figure. The fact that a circle may be drawn from beginning to end without a break makes it a powerful symbol. The word circle occurs in many English idioms, often as a symbol of wholeness or repetition. 1. the circle of life: the cycle of reproduction and survival, from birth to death. 2. circle of hell: a place of punishment in the afterlife, from The Inferno. Dante describes nine circles or areas in which souls are punished according to the nature of their sins. 3. family circle: a theatrical term to describe the seating area farthest from the stage (aka â€Å"upper circle†). In general usage, family circle refers to a person’s closest family members. The word circle can refer to any intimate group of friends. The expression â€Å"inner circle† refers to a small influential group of people who run things in politics, business, or the like. 4. vicious circle: in logic, a vicious circle results when a false premise is followed by a true premise. In general usage, a vicious circle refers to a situation in which no progress or improvement can be made. Sometimes the expression â€Å"vicious cycle† is used instead. 5. to run circles around: to surpass with little effort. Similar term: â€Å"to run rings round.† 6. to come full circle: to complete a series of events; to come back to one’s starting place. 7. to go in circles: to repeat the same action without arriving at the desired place. 8. to square the circle: to attempt the impossible. Other expressions draw on the verb circle, â€Å"to put a circle around something† or â€Å"to move in a circular direction.† 9. to circle the drain: to be on the way out. The image is that of the last of the water draining from a bathtub. 10. to circle the subject: to avoid saying anything specific about a topic of discussion. 11. to circle the wagons: to take a defensive position. The image is that of migrating American settlers arranging their wagons in a circle as a barricade against attacking Indians. Note: The expression â€Å"to circle the wagons† is seen frequently in headlines and in articles about economics. The economists seem to view the American economy â€Å"as a fortress, a circle of wagons, as  it were, that can be readily defined and defended† (Robert Reno, Newsday). Contemporary American Indians often find this expression offensive. Here are some examples of these expressions gathered from the Web: Raising Backyard Chickens to Teach Children the Circle of Life If the road to publication is comprised of all the circles of hell, the first circle, I am telling you, is the â€Å"not right for me† or â€Å"didn’t connect with the voice† circle. Our sincere thoughts and prayers are with the Paisley family and the wider family circle. The conditions exist for a vicious circle involving voting and civic duty, whereby nonvoters decrease their belief in the importance of voting and therefore become less likely to vote in future elections. Ray Allen Running Circles Around Garnett, Pierce, Nets so Far Fifteen years ago, Ana Patricia Botà ­n was pushed out of her senior job at  Banco Santander  Ã‚  by the banks chairman, who also happened to be her father. On Wednesday, Ms. Botà ­ns career came full circle, with her being named chairman  after her fathers sudden death. To be fair and to bring the story full circle, many of Browns accomplishments had their origins in Browns administrations in the 1970s and early 80s.   Washington state goes in circles over drone regulations. Pensions and Social Care for the Elderly: Trying to Square the Circle Circling the Drain: Can the Euro Be Saved, Or Is It Doomed? There’s been a lot of talk this year about online learning at Concordia. Board of Governors and Senate meetings keep circling the subject. US investors circle the wagons, hope Fed rides to rescue Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireThat vs. WhichWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe

Do not miss these cities while exploring Europe The lesser-known European cities which are worth tourist attention Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Florence, Berlin†¦All these famous cities have become the visiting cards of Europe. However, there are many other European cities which deserve our attention as well. They have a lot of interesting things to offer. These underrated cities are full of hidden cultural and historic treasures. So, it is high time to explore them.   The charming, cobblestone city of Maastricht This Dutch city will definitely impress you with its French and Belgian twists in the architecture, Roman and Spanish ruins, and sophisticated drink and food. It is considered to be one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. Maastricht is a lively and energetic place with beautiful historic streets and a distinct international spirit. The biggest attractions of Maastricht are the underground tours to the casemates. It would be very interesting to walk through the tunnels and listen to the stories about the life underground. You can also enjoy the stunning Limburg landscapes during a boat ride over the river Meuse. Don`t forget to visit the annual European Fine Art Fair and enjoy the artworks of contemporary and modern artists. The ancient, Arabic-inspired city of Cadiz The Andalusian city of Cadiz is almost entirely surrounded by water. It has no shortage of breathtaking views and tourist attractions. White houses, open plazas, cobblestone streets, wonderful beaches and seafood, and charming old center – all these things will definitely impress every visitor of Cadiz. This city is well known for its fabulous seafood and fish. At El Faro restaurant you can enjoy some delicious local dishes. Don`t forget to take an excursion to Castillo San Sebastian, which is a magnificent historic fortress, linked to the sea by a tidal causeway. Hamburg – a Germany`s Gateway to the World Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, the biggest port, and the centre of international trade. It is one of Germany`s wealthiest cities. There are a lot of attractions in Hamburg which are really worth your attention. There is always something to marvel at the Fish Market, HafenCity, and Port of Hamburg. You can visit the century-old Speicherstadt, which is the world-largest contiguous warehouse complex. Elbphilarmonie in HafenCity is a new cultural and urban landmark of Hamburg. It is one of the ten best concert halls in the world, where you can enjoy the classical music culture, music of the 21st century and sophisticated light music. The Portugal city of Porto will become your love at first sight Its higgledy-piggledy medieval centre, charismatic locals, divine food and wine, beautiful monuments and bridges, tiles, shopping streets, hipster bars, flowering balconies, baroque churches, and colorful cliffs will definitely leave you breathless. This city looks like it has emerged from the pages of a storybook. The River Douro on the Gaia side and the historic centre of Porto belong to the World Heritage. Don`t miss to visit Casa do Infante, by Riberia, enjoy the great beaches and cafà © terraces at the mouth of the river Douro, explore Porto by night, try a francesinha, which is one of Porto`s specialties, and stroll through the Parque da Cidade, down the seafront. Perugia – the picturesque Umbrian city with rich history Perugia is a substantial town city with good transport links and a number of historical attractions. It is a medieval, hilltop city that rises above the lush vineyard and hills. It is a major center of medieval art and a major producer of chocolates. It is a home of the Eurochocolate Festival and Umbria Jazz Festival. The Saint Peter`s Basilica is one of the most significant and symbolic landmarks of the city. Fontana Maggiore is the main symbol of Perugia. It is a perfect holiday destination with the beauty of the architecture and active leisure active ideas. The charming city of Aarhus has plenty to offer Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark, which is full of opportunities for tourists. It is surrounded by beautiful nature. Here you will find wonderful areas for running, walking, and biking. It has several attractions that are renowned internationally. Den Gamle By, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Musikhuset Aarhus, Moesgaard Museum, and Tropical Houses at the Botanical Garden are the absolute best attractions in Aarhus. You should definitely visit this city if you are interested in art and architecture.

Extra Credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Extra Credit - Essay Example From roughly 9,000 B.C. to approximately 6,000 B.C. livestock was a popular medium of exchange. However, as agriculture developed later on, people used their crops to acquire goods they desired (â€Å"Thinkquest†). For example, I could ask another farmer to trade a pound of potatoes for a pound of sugar. These exchanges, which started at the beginning of humankind, are still used today. Not too long ago, I came across the story of Kyle MacDonald. On his blog, oneredpaperclip.blogspot.com, Kyle posted a picture of a small, red paperclip. There was nothing special about this paperclip; just a regular old run-of-the-mill paperclip. The post stated that he would travel anywhere to meet the person who wished to trade him some item for his paperclip. After a while, a woman contacted Kyle regarding a wooden fish pen that she wished to trade him for his red paperclip. Obviously, she could have picked up a red paperclip at any office supply store or big-box retailer, but Kyle had added value to this particular paperclip. By â€Å"added value,† I mean he drew attention to the paperclip making it seemingly more than just a regular paperclip. If this woman were to trade him, she would, at the very least, be mentioned on his blog. Thus, she wanted to participate in the trade, exchanging her wooden fish pen, which in my opinion was far cooler than the red paperclip. Kyle stated his goal in the very first post, with the red paperclip. He was to up-trade, from that single, red paperclip, to a home. So, with wooden fish pen in hand, Kyle posted photos of the woman who he had traded with, along with photos of the pen on his blog. Again, he stated that he would travel anywhere to trade someone another item for his pen. He was contacted not too long after posting the fish pen, by a woman named Annie Robbins in Seattle, WA, who wanted to trade a handmade doorknob for the fish pen. This was not just any doorknob. It was handmade, and looked like an old, bald man;

Chronic Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Chronic Illness - Essay Example With the fact that this is a serious problem in mind, it is important to take a critical look at some of the specific trend details, with particular attention to demographics and the state-by-state basis. This owes to the fact that different demographics is affected differently and states have diverse localized approaches to dealing with t problem, such as community health programs. Another important element to address includes the interventions that have been put in place in dealing with the problem as well as ways in which national and local policy impacts health care of individuals with chronic illness. This paper seeks to illuminate, among others necessary, the aforementioned issues and concepts. The basic definition of a chronic illness is one that cannot be cured, but can be treated. There is a wide range of them, including diabetes, cancer, heart disease, dementia and different mental health problems among many others. One would add that there are various ways in which chronic illnesses can be prevented because they are preventable. Apart from prevention, they can be managed effectively using frequent exercise, improvements in diet, therapy, and early detection (Chang & Johnson, 2014). Chronic illnesses occur throughout one’s life cycle, aggravating in old age. It has been noted that, over the last one decade, chronic diseases have replaced infectious diseases to become the leading cause of death and disability in the United States. In addition, their prevalence has been on the rise. In a report that was presented in 2011, based on a primary research study, it was noted that chronic illnesses have not only increased among older adults but has also led to an increase in disability and impairment cases (Hung et al, 2011). This study established that chronic diseases are increasingly affecting adults between