Hospitality Management Liquor Control Act

Question: Discuss about theHospitality Managementfor Liquor Control Act. Answer: Compliance Needs for Hotel ANIBT The hospitality industry is a broad field engaging various sectors and services within it. Foods including beverages form an essential part of this industry and this is why food safety is one of the most important criteria in this industry in which hygienic health of so many people is directly associated. Liquor The 1988 Liquor Control Act is the piece of the legislation covering the consumption and supply of liquor in Australia. Its main aim is to reduce the abuse and misuse of alcohol so as to minimise the risks and harms. All the details regarding the law can be gained from https://www.vcglr.vic.gov.au. According to the law, it is prohibited to sell liquor without the possession of proper liquor, selling or consuming liquor at unauthorized places and also it bars selling or drinking of the underage. Failing to comply with the legislation can lead to fines, license cancellation and suspension (BELL, 2012). Preparing and Selling Food Australian food standards govern all the necessary permission for preparing and selling food in Australian hotels. More details about the rules, regulations and up gradations can be found at www.health.gov.au. The law governs and looks after whether all the necessary standards and precautions are being taken into account while preparing and catering food in the Australian Hotels. All the sellers must get authorization from it in order to pursue their business(Singal, 2014). Consumer Protection The law Australian completion consumer competition looks after the consumer protection. The details regarding the law can be retrieved from the Australian Government website https://www.australia.gov.au. The law looks after fair trading, consumer protection and healthy protection. Failing to comply with this law can lead to fine cancellation or suspension of license. Innkeepers Duty of Care It is governed by the 2001 act of Providers of Travelers Accommodation. Broader details can be obtained from https://ablis.business.gov.au. Business responsibility under this law is to entertain and receive guests, making sure about the guest's safety, safeguard guest's property. Failing to comply with this can lead to fine cancellation or suspension of license. Workers Compensation The 1951 act of workers compensation governs this field. Broader details about it can be gathered from https://workplaceinfo.com.au. According to this, all the workers must be paid equally depending on the level of expertise they are at. The Australian government is highly strict about the worker's compensation and strict actions are taken if failing to comply with it (BELL, 2012). Workers Safety and Health The 2011 act workers'safety and health take care of this aspect of the trade. Ore details regarding it can be found gained from www.australia.gov.au. Business responsibility according to it is to make the working environment suitable and safe for the workers. Failing to comply with this can lead to fine cancellation or suspension of license. Industrial Relations The 1996 act Industrial relations governs this sector. More details regarding this can be found from Australian governments website. All the contractual agreements and disputes are governed by this legislation. Equal Opportunity The 2010 act equal opportunity looks after this sector of the business. The details about this can be obtained from https://www.humanrights.gov.au. Under these legislation, the workers enjoy equal advantage and this law also makes sure that there is no harassment to the workers under any circumstance(Singal, 2014). Superannuation The Act of 1992 superannuation act governs these field. Details regarding these can be attained from www.legislation.gov.au. This act binds the crown with the commonwealth. The act extends to all the territory under the commonwealth of Australia. But in this law, there is no mention that the Crown can be prosecuted. Anti-Discrimination The anti-discrimination law for diversity and equal opportunities falls under the RTO policy 1 3. Details regarding these legislations can be accessed from www.cpaaustralia.com.au. Business responsibility regarding it is to provide equal and diverse opportunities without discriminating under any circumstance. Failing to comply with the legislation can lead to fines, license cancellation and suspension. Environment The Act of 1999 biodiversity conservation and environment protection takes care of the environment the business institution is operating under and detailed information can be achieved from www.environment.gov.au. The laws take care that the environment is not affected by any act of the organization(Singal, 2014). Insurance This sector falls under the 1973 insurance act. It can be assessed from understandinsurance.com.au the law makes the minimum standards that the insurer must hold to ask for claims. Taxation The 1942 Uniform Tax Act makes the necessary amendments and policies regarding the tax that the business institution has to pay. The taxation department is very strict and failing to comply with can lead to fines or imprisonment. Risk Assessment The safe work Australia have a thorough check on the risks that are there with a particular trade or job. They make sure that the workplace are safe and all the precautionary measures are taken properly. Employment and Awards National Labor law make all the rules regarding the employment in the Australian industry and all the organizations must comply with it. There are also mentions of awards and various performance recognization terms which help the workforce and thus improve performance. Reference BELL, D. (2012). Hospitality is society. Hospitality Society, 1(2), pp.137-152. Singal, M. (2014). The business case for diversity management in the hospitality industry.International Journal Of Hospitality Management,40, 10-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.02.009

AP Lang and Comp Detailed Essay Sample - A Short Story That Involves A Detectives Eye

AP Lang and Comp Detailed Essay Sample - A Short Story That Involves A Detective's EyeThis AP Lang and Comp Detailed Essay Sample are a great introduction to a series of essays about an activity you might have been involved in as a child. You may be familiar with the activity, the short story follows, but if not, it's fun and interesting.It all begins with a narrator, who at first, appears to be boring, but that is only because he has been narrating a story that's seemingly unrelated. As you read on, though, you will find that the writing style becomes more interesting as the narrator relates more details about his story.You'll note that in each story, the writer shows how the character was affected by something that occurred before the action in the story. I found this to be very interesting and educational.The essays in this AP Lang and Comp Detailed Essay Sample can be used to enhance your knowledge about events that occur at some point in time. You may even consider writing your own essay for a class project or report. This series of essays is also perfect for those who are reading composition courses.In the story, the narrator tells the reader what happened so that they can relate the story themselves. Each story is presented in a narrative format so that readers can know exactly what's going on at any given moment.It's fun and interesting, and the story is definitely shorter than a short story, but it's something that I imagine most people could relate to. I especially enjoyed this series as it gives more insight into the nature of literature and storytelling.If you're looking for a good introduction to a series of essays about a short story or even a short story and a descriptive essay, then look no further than thisAP Lang and Comp Detailed Essay Sample. I'm sure there will be more stories, essays, and descriptions to come as this series continues.Finally, I would like to share my thoughts on the essay and the descriptive essay. The writing style is int eresting and educational, and I can't wait to continue reading other chapters.

Human impact to the environment †Cuba Deforestation Issue

Introduction Deforestation is an environmental threat not even in Cuba alone but also worldwide. The effects that it causes are always in one way or another felt by the farthest of the States in the entire universe. To this effect, this paper addresses the impact of deforestation in Cuba and the solutions available to manage the impacts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human impact to the environment – Cuba Deforestation Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political shifting dynamics of Cuba influenced the countries environmental aspects. The different political eras brought about great impacts to its natural resources. The changes in political dispensations in Cuba immensely influenced the environmental management of the natural resources throughout the Cuban development as a country. Over the three political eras, which include Neo-colonialism influenced by the United States, the Revoluti onary era followed closely by the coming of the Soviet Union communist regime, deforestation has been a major concern. Currently, the Special Period also has had great impact on the environment’s management of the natural resource. Cuba was known for its forestry cover that deteriorated with time. Forests are very essential in the regulation of the climate and maintenance of the biosphere integrity. Forests are beneficial to humans in many different ways. For instance, they are an important source of timber and food. Additionally, some of the plants found within forests have a medicinal value. They also provide good sports for recreational activities. The richness in ecosystem led to deforestation of the Cuban ecosystem. Research has shown that deforestation plays a great role in increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions. This is detrimental even to the human health in Cuba and its environs. Causes of deforestation One of the most significant aspects during the political eras in the nation that characterized the political development was the fluctuation in deforestation. Rudel (1994) notes â€Å"there is a socio-economic connection as far as deforestation is concerned. This is so because as the increase in the living standards leads to equal increase in the consumption of forest products† (p. 7). The political dispensations as well as the socio-economic structures in Cuba were always significant in the management of the Cuban environment. This, in return, led to great destructions of the forest cover.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the beginning of the 20th century, Giraldo (2007) says, â€Å"Cuba has experienced great improvement in the management of its environment demonstrating a vast improvement in the socio-economic situation of the country† (p. 98). According to Hornborg, McNeill, and Martinez-Alier (2007), t he connection between the environmental changes and the societal processes defined the political ecosystem that Cuba has gone through during the three political eras (p. 87). Cuba is among the best islands that one could ever want to live in though the Spaniard colonial landowners destroyed most of its natural resources. They burned down forests and obtained from the ashes enough fertilizer to enhance the growth of the highly lucrative coffee trees. It was later that Cuba was transformed into a land that exported the largest number of sugar, tobacco and coffee. All of which was achieved through destruction of the forests to pave way for the monoculture agricultural venture. According to the Government of Cuba, â€Å"the total forest cover fell from 89.2% in 1812 to 54% in 1900† (1993, p. 1). During the Spanish era, the forest cover fell by almost 35% due to the quest for timber. After the Spanish era, the United States took over bringing up an Amendment that ensured that they had the control over the Cuba’s natural resources. This Platt Amendment caused the most deforestation. Cuba got involved with many countries for its sustainability that saw a lot of its economy get back on track. Later, Cuba was forced into self-reliance, which translated into over-reliance on agriculture leading to further deforestation to create more room for the venture. This led to destruction of water catchment areas, soil erosions among others. The forests of Cuba under Spanish Colonization were seen as nothing more than â€Å"lumber to build sugar mills, firewood to fuel them, and sources of stunningly fertile soil† (Monzote, 2008, p. 45). Additionally, the Spaniards used the forests to build their ships and lumber destined for Spain. They had no respect for the country’s natural state. With time, the population increased and this caused the need to expand the agricultural sector to cater for foreign markets and its bloated population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human impact to the environment – Cuba Deforestation Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was a decrease in timber production due to the increased human action to the forests. However, the increase in not only coffee but also sugar plantations helped to curb the extreme effects of deforestation in the nation. Its Impacts The Cuba’s natural conditions revived in the nineteenth century and this led to the increase of deforestation to produce more sugarcane annually. The regeneration of the forest cover accounted for around 38 percent of the sugarcane production worldwide and around 25 percent of the total sugar supply (Hagelberg Alverez, 2006, p. 24). At the beginning of the twentieth century, Cuba exhibited a significant loss of its forest cover-38 percent. It was caused by the burning down of forests that occurred during the war that broke up that time. The social an d political shift also led to deterioration of the forest ecosystem. During the Neo-Colonialism, the United States managed everything and owned everything including the waters, the fertile lands for sugar cane production among others. It was during this period that degradation and deforestation was on the highest mark. The merciless cutting down of trees to create more land for the sugar production was the benchmark in the Neo-colonial era. Additionally, exportation of wood and other forest products was very high. Moreover, charcoal, majorly used as the main source of cooking, destroyed the forests a great deal. Deforestation in Cuba went a long way and many a time, the Cubans felt the need to reverse the situation though this was not possible then. There was a lot of foreign interference that hindered enactment of any conservatory law. It was in the year 1926 that President Machado approved the Decree 495 that prohibited any clearing of high woodlands whether private or government owned. It was later enacted into law. Later on, the Revolution era brought about some equality as far as employment was concerned and improvements in education sector. The State took control over all the natural resources of the country and started saving forests and encouraging afforestation. Many policies were formed and the exportation of timber was banned.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When Castro got into power, he encouraged reforestation through construction of very many tree nurseries. However, poor education led to destruction of many seedlings. The forests cover nevertheless after training of the locals, increased by 5 percent. This increase in forest cover was because of the great management of timber harvest and reforestation. Additionally, there was introduction of protected areas of forests with establishment of the first national park. The enactment of Law 33 enhanced the conservation of the protected areas. Houck (2000) says that, â€Å"the law outlines the rational use of natural resources pertaining to sustainable forest protection activities† (p. 56). There were also establishment of legal frameworks pertaining environmental issues among which was the Law of Agrarian Reform. Additionally, there was the establishment of an advisory body called COMARNA that addressed forestry, fisheries among other areas. For every forest harvested, an equal qu antity was planted. The Special Period was majorly characterized by economic crisis that evolved by the Cuban State being dependent on itself for sustainability. During this period, there were no international ties whatsoever. This led to the nation over depending on the forests for medicine, food, water and other needs eventually leading to more devastation to the forests. Deforestation surpassed afforestation efforts for people ended up depending on charcoal fully for fuel. Even so, there was a twenty-two percent increase in forest cover. Graph 1. Forest Cover (percent) of Cuba’s Territory (World Resources Institute, 2003) Policies to manage the impact Additionally, some trees became extinct because of their over-usage like their leaves being used as fillers for pillows and mattresses and their trucks for construction of houses. Nevertheless, Cuba continued enforcing more stringent laws and policies for environmental conservation. Some Laws included the Law of the Environm ent that addressed air, water, pollution, forests among others. Another legislature was the Forestry Act that ensured that the forest cover was addressed as well as providing framework for wood species preservation. Conclusion In order to satisfy the human needs in Cuba and the world at large, modification of the forest ecosystem was done. This coupled with the political interventions led to the destruction and construction of the Cuban forests. Cuba was known for its forest cover and many people depended on the forests for sustainability including non-citizens like during the Spaniard era where a lot of timber was transported to Spain. It is clear that the population growth in the Cuban State brought about deforestation to create land for more arable farming than any other land use. However, the consequences of the farming brought about extensive deforestation and environmental damage (Williams, 2006, p. 32). Later, colonialism and neo-colonialism aggravated the situation of defore station. The situation worsened in the 1900 when the United States took ownership of the State managing everything including the people. It was until the State became sovereign managing all its resources without any interference from other countries that the forest cover got back on its feet again. Forest management cropped up even in the education curriculums resulting into reforestation and even people started living as a community. Basic needs were provided that had demanded forest clearance like provision of alternative energies led to no more charcoal burning. Other agricultural techniques that demand lesser portion of land led to the conservation of the forests. The improvement in environmental education that encouraged the central value of the forest ecosystems in Cuba, as well as the improvement in environmental law, policy-making and implementation led to sustainable forestry practices. Additionally, deforestation, as an environmental concern with global effects, talks amon g the United Nations Forum on Forests have been conducted that will ensure a common forestry law. The Law gives all the nations the freedom to maintain their forest cover and in case of a breach in the case, the Law allows punishment to the deviant nation accordingly. This will ensure that the countries that have great forest conservation techniques maintain the spirit because of their independence from political and social interference. References Giraldo, G. (2007). Cuba Rising in Major UN Indices. Medical Education Cooperation  with Cuba Review, 6(2), 62-100. Government of Cuba. (1993). Cuba: National Systems of Protected Area. Document:  Information on Environmental Protection and Development Cuba, 10(1), 1-8. Hagelberg, G. B., Alvarez, J. (2006). Historical Overview of Cuba’s Costs of Sugar Production: Implications for the Future. University of Florida: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Hornborg, A., McNeill, J. R., Martinez-Alier, J. (2007). Rethinking Environmental  History: World-System History and Global Environmental Change. United Kingdom: Altamira Press. Houck, O.A. (2000). Environment Law in Cuba. Land Use and Environmental Law, 16(1), 1-82. Monzote, R. F. (2008). From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba: An Environmental History since 1492. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Rudel, T. (1994). Economics of Climate Change: The Contribution of Forestry Projects. Washington DC: Springer Publishing. Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. World Resources Institute. (2003). Forests, Grasslands, and Dry lands- Cuba. London: Oxford University Press. This research paper on Human impact to the environment – Cuba Deforestation Issue was written and submitted by user Charity Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life Essays

Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life Essays Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life Essay Reflection on Buddhism and Ones Life Essay Essay Topic: Siddhartha Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: Reflection on Buddhism and one’s life The mystery in all Buddhism followers takes us back to the very beginning, which is at the conception of Buddha. Buddha’s mother, Maya had a dream that showed her that an animal in the form of a white elephant and with six tusks had entered her womb. After consulting with her gods, (Das, 11) she learnt that the white elephant symbolized great wisdom, and loyal power, and she would soon bear a powerful child. Her pregnancy grew, and unlike other women, she did not experience pains during labour. Infant she gave birth while standing. This truly demonstrated that this child was unique. After the birth of the boy, it was further realized that he was extra ordinary since as an infant he was the same size as a six-month-old baby. He also had thirty-two marks of a great man. Normally these meant the child would either be a powerful king ruling quarter of the world or a Buddha. The child was then named Siddhartha that depicted ‘he whose purpose is accomplished’. Sadly, se ven days after his birth his mother died and her sister took over in raising the boy. The boy grew up in a royal family and had all he desired at the incarceration of the palace. After this, the four encounters, which are also known as the noble truth, came to being (Wilkinson, et al, 25). One time when Siddhartha was riding his chariots outside the palace, he saw a very ill man and a corpse being carried by mourners. The site traumatized him and immediately he wanted to leave home to became an ascetic, and forsake kingship. When Siddhartha was almost thirty years of age and seven days away to being crowned as the next king, he made plans of his escape. At the time, he had already gotten his first son. It was difficult for him to leave, but he had already decided. He managed to escape without anyone noticing with the help of superficial powers. The first six years after leaving, he spent with two famous ascetics, trying to learn their system to get a lasting solution to human suffering. However, he did not feel like he accomplished his mission, so he further joined a company of five other ascetics for more learning. He still did not get the satisfaction he seeked. One day when he was relaxed, he looked back into his youth and settled into a calm and peaceful state by letting his mind settle. He realized that his feeling of peace was the one thing he had been seeking (Nhat, Ha?nh, 50). This is where the Buddhist mediation theory came into being leading to the cessations, which are known as four noble truths The first noble truth stated that life is full of suffering and hence at some point in life everyone gets to experience suffering (Bstan-?dzin-rgya-mtsho, 23). The second noble statement was that suffering is caused by attachments. This meant that it is the attachments that we bind ourselves with that cause suffering. For instance, if we bind ourselves with anger and ignorance, suffering will surely follow us. Thirdly, the noble truth stated that abandoning our attachments brings release to suffering. This clearly teaches us that if we learn to let go of bindings such as pain and anger, we can attain peace, which in return reduces suffering (Novak, Philip, 69). Finally, the last noble truth tells us that we can release bindings by practicing the eight fold paths which consists of, right opinion, right intension, right conduct, right effort, right concentration, right speech, right livelihood and right mindfulness This particular Zen Koan is rather interesting as it proves to us that mindfulness is particularly important (Huikai, 62). It states that on a windy day, two men were arguing about a shaking banner. The first said, â€Å"The banner is moving and not the wind†. While the second said that, the wind was moving and not the banner. A third person happened to pass by and uttered to them that it was neither the wind nor the banner that was moving but the minds of the two men. To avoid suffering one should perceive to live a life filled with good morals, charitable behaviour, mediation, perseverance and most importantly keep the four noble truths at heart. Work cited Bstan-?dzin-rgya-mtsho. The Four Noble Truths. New York: Mystic Fire Audio, 1997. Sound recording. Das, Gupta S. Buddhism, Reflection on Religious Conversion. New Delhi, India: Cyber Tech Publications, 2010. Print. Gard, Richard A. Buddhism. New York: G. Braziller, 1961. Print. Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Internet resource. Hirota, Dennis. Toward a Contemporary Understanding of Pure Land Buddhism: Creating a Shin Buddhist Theology in a Religiously Plural World. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press, 2000. Internet resource. Huikai, and Thomas F. Cleary. No Barrier: Unlocking the Zen Koan : a New Translation of the Zen Classic Wumenguan (mumonkan). New York: Bantam Books, 1993. Print. Humphreys, Christmas. Buddhism. London: Cassell, 1962. Print.. Nhat, Ha?nh. The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy Liberation : the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and Other Basic Buddhist Teachings. New York: Broadway Books, 1999. Print. Novak, Philip. The World’s Wisdom: Sacred Texts of the World’s Religions. San Francisco, Calif.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994. Print. Wilkinson, Philip, and Steve Teague. Buddhism. New York: DK Pub, 2003. Print

Limitiations of Servant Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Limitiations of Servant Leadership - Essay Example However, oftentimes, example alone is not effective in realizing the change that the leader should seek to evoke (Zhang et al, 2012). As such, the five determinants of effective power exemplification are enumerated upon as the use and application of the following: coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, expert, and informational. Whereas the servant leader can appropriately integrate degrees of reward, legitimate, expert, and informational, he/she is completely unable to draw upon the reservoir of power that comes from coercive and in large degree from referent power (Russell, 2012). As such, this represents a clear and measurable shortcoming in that the servant leader is not able to exercise the full extent of his/her power and leadership over the shareholders he/she integrates with (Tidball, 2012). Although such an approach has verifiable and measurable advantages with regards to its ability to win over the hearts and minds of those engaged within such a framework, it is, like many theories, unable to speak to all of the necessary determinants of leadership and power that present themselves. Zhang, H., Kwong Kwan, H., Everett, A. M., & Jian, Z. (2012). Servant leadership, organizational identification, and work-to-family enrichment: The moderating role of work climate for sharing family concerns. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 747-767.

The recent tendency to reorganize the notion of accused right parallel Dissertation

The recent tendency to reorganize the notion of accused right parallel to the right of the victim, evaluation from the initiativ - Dissertation Example The logic behind the right to a fair trial was implicit in the creation of complicity under the doctrine of command responsibility. Justice Robert Jackson in his opening statement at the Nuremberg Trials essentially reasoned that the International Military Tribunal would confer upon the accused persons, the due process that they refused to confer upon their victims.6 The right to a fair trial is not absolute however, as there are circumstances where that right may be â€Å"derogated from in certain circumstances†.7 This paper focuses on the recent trends in international criminal law in which there is an initiative for balancing the rights of the accused against victims’ rights under the doctrine of command responsibility. ... ce of the charges against him/her.8 The initiative to elevate the rights of victims over the right of the accused was a method by which the International Criminal Court addressed concerns on the part of civilians in zones under conflict and non-governmental organizations. These concerns took the position that the ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda had neglected the input of victims by not permitting their participation in the trials and the appellate process. The International Criminal Tribunal addressed those concerns by making the concerns of victims a priority and by focusing more intently on restorative justice.9 The International Criminal Court is primarily founded on the objective that the administration of justice means justice not only for those who commit international crimes, but also for the victims.10 The Preamble to the ICC informs that: During this century millions of children, women and men have been victims of unimaginable atrocities tha t deeply shock the conscience of humanity.11 Trumbull notes that the reference to victims in the ICC’s preamble is not an accident. In fact, Trumbull goes farther to state, that this reference to victims was intentional and aimed at ensuring that the rights of victims occupy a â€Å"high priority†.12 Under the authority of the ICC, the International Criminal Court has made good on the prioritizing of victims’ rights primarily by permitting victims the right to participate in the criminal proceedings. In this regard, victims have the right to express their opinions relative to the authorization of an investigation, whether or not a case is admissible and any other matter that impacts their own interests.13 The ICC and the International Court, Rules of Procedure and Evidence 2000 contain a

Indian Child Workers And Poverty Sociology Essay

Indian Child Workers And Poverty Sociology Essay As I visit my country- Pakistan, I see children on the streets begging, some selling flowers and newspapers to the people on the road. When I pass a car mechanic shop, I see boys as young as 5 years old covered in car grease fixing engines. While passing a street restaurant, I see young boys taking orders from customers. At the rubbish disposal site, I see young boys scavenging through waste to find food sometimes, or scrap metal. As I visit my relatives back home, I see Elizabeth, a twelve year old working as a domestic servant in the house, mopping floors and cleaning bathrooms. Child workers are everywhere in Pakistan, the critics of this claim need to open their eyes and heart to feel the troubles of their less privileged fellow countrymen. The factors contributing to child labor are interconnected; however it is mainly due to poverty and lack of education, that children are coerced into the labor force. In the Human Development Report, conducted under the United Nations Development Program, the human development index was measured to compare Pakistan to other countries in the world. According to the Human Development report (2009), The HDI provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and gross enrolment in education) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income). The index is not in any sense a comprehensive measure of human development. It does not, for example, include important indicators such as gender or income inequality nor more difficult to measure concepts like respect for human rights and political freedoms. What it does provide is a broadened prism for viewing human progress and the complex relationship between income and well-being. In 2007, among the 182 countries examined, Pakistan was the 141th r egards to the HDI value. This clearly indicates the grave economic situation of Pakistan. According to the CIA World Fact book (2010), Pakistan has a GDP per capita of $2,600 and it is ranked 171 compared to other countries. With poverty rates as high as 24% and unemployment rate 15.2%, marked as 153 compared to the world, it is obvious that Pakistan is going through an economic downturn. According to Unicef (2009), Food and economic crises have increased food insecurity. Prices of essential food items rose over 35 per cent in 2007-08, compared to an 18 per cent increase in labour wages, the ongoing struggle to make ends meet is breaking the back of the poor. With a population of 175 million people, Pakistan is ranked 6th around the world in terms of population. 36% of the population of Pakistan lives in cities, the rest of the 64% lives in the rural parts of the country. Chaudhry, Malik and Hassan (2009) have examined that Punjab, one of the four provinces of Pakistan constitutes 5 6% of the countrys population and a 36% of Punjabs population is accounted being poor. Poverty is one of the main contributing factors of child labor in Pakistan, with almost a quarter of the nations population struggling to make ends meet, the children of poverty stricken families are left to no resort, but to mend their lives by helping their families in earning a living. ADB (2010) considers poverty the main source of child labor in Pakistan. According to Unicef (2009), it is estimated that Pakistan has about 3.3 million children aged under 14, working as child laborers. However, according to the United States Bureau of International Labor affairs (2010), it is stated that the rough estimate of child laborers in Pakistan could be from 2 million to a staggering 19 million. This could be due to the inability to address the issue of child labor and not performing surveys to determine up to date statistics. Ahmed (July 13, 2008) cites this issue by commenting that the latest survey o n child laborers was conducted 14 years ago and the population has increased by 30 million since then. Child laborers have their childhood stolen away from them; forced to work for long hours, these children dont have time to play or study as other privileged children of Pakistan. The United States Bureau of International Labor affairs (2010) cites the state of child laborers working in carpet industries which thrive on the nimble hands of these children, The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan states that work units in rural areas have more child labor than urban areas. In these village units, the children are mostly girls, some only six or seven years old; boys are barely eight. Working conditions are poor, lighting and ventilation inadequate, hygienic conditions substandard, and the work area hot and humid. Workers complain of coughs and sickness. The workers usually work 10-hour days, with no holidays and are paid on a piece-rate basis. Child workers pay is as low as 10 rupees ( approximately 37 cents) per day; teenagers, however, earned 20-30 rupees (74 cents to $1.13) per day, and can even get 50 to 75 rupees ($1.87 to $2.81) per day for superior quality carpets. With a meager amount of wages and the vulnerability of getting sick, these child laborers plights fall on deaf ears. Frequently abused and punished by their employers over small mistakes or delays in handling the work, these poor childrens miseries are never ending; Child weavers suffer work-related injuries and illnesses, such as injuries due to sharp instruments, respiratory tract infections, and body aches. They also remain uneducated, 42 percent never having attended school and 58 percent having dropped out (ILAB, 2010). One of the old and the harshest realities of bonded child labor is that the child laborer is indebted to its master till the bondage debt is repaid. Although bonded child labor is prohibited by the Pakistani law, but people find loopholes to find their way out. According to I LAB (2010), Bonded labor has long been a feature in brick kilns, carpet industries, agriculture, fisheries, stone/brick crushing, shoe-making, power looms, and refuse sorting. The Bonded Labor Liberation Front estimates that eight million children are bonded in Pakistan. Half a million are allegedly bonded in the carpet industry alone. Silvers (1996) writes that the hypocritical masters of the bonded child laborers use exploitive methods to employ these children, it is compliance, long productivity hours and inexpensiveness that make theses children a lucrative deal. A documentary by SPARC, a NGO working to raise the plight of child laborers shows Hyderabad, a city famous for its glass bangles. However, little is known that these bangles are made in factories that employ children. These child laborers work up to 16 hours a day for less than a dollar, in front of the scorching heat of the furnaces. Consequently, they develop diseases such as asthma, Bronchitis and TB. In another scen e, Javaid- a scavenger ploughs through rubbish to pick anything he finds valuable enough to sell and earn a living off; he says his parents find it difficult to support the big family, thats why he feels an obligation to help out with the earnings (SPARC, 2008). Silvers (1996), writes that children in rural parts of Pakistan are indoctrinated to work to help the family. The mindset of bondage is embedded in to the young minds at a very early age, thus these children dont find it wrong, but rather look up to it, unaware of what lies ahead of them. A twelve year old girl named Irfana worked under bondage before being set free; she reported that her master would treat them like livestock. Girls were often raped and the boys were severely beaten. Bonded labor is usually owned by feudal land owners and in Pakistan; most of these feudal landowners are working in the government or have a very strong backing. Bokhari (July 24, 1996) states, If bonded labor has a long history, it also has st rong political backing in Pakistan. Many critics claim that almost two-thirds of the members of the federal parliament in Islamabad and the four provincial legislatures are landowners who would resist any plans that are seen as hostile toward their fellow landowners. Most of the members of parliament in the Sindh [provincial] assembly belong to the Zamindar [landowners] class and it is in their interest not to raise their voices against the bonded labor, says Ali Hasan, a journalist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Poverty is one of the factors that root from illiteracy. Unicef (2009) states that HYPERLINK javascript:void(0);PakistanHYPERLINK javascript:void(0);HYPERLINK javascript:void(0);s per capita expenditure on health is only US$18, of which US$4 is public expenditure, compared to the recommended US$45. Less than 2.5 per cent of GDP is spent on education, compared to HYPERLINK javascript:void(0);the recommended 2.8 to 3.6 per cent. According to the Unicef , from the year 1998 to 2007, only 1% of the central government expenditure was allocated to health, 2% to education and 16% to defense (2009). Poor access to quality education in the weak primary education system contributes to child labor. Primary education has been made compulsory in Provinces like Punjab, Sindh and NWFP, little is done to enforce the law. Either there are not proper facilities to accommodate children or lack of teachers in some areas. The most affected by this dilemma are the inhabitants of the rural parts of the cou ntry; primary school gross enrollment is 71%, with a large dropout rate (Unicef, 2009). According to Levi (1971), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦poverty has frequently been cited as a cause of primary school dropouts both because poor families can- not afford school fees or other expenses and because it is necessary for children to work to help support the family. The extent of the traditional agricultural sector may better reflect the need for child labor than does GNP per capita. Countries which have a greater segment of their population in the subsistence sector may have both lower incomes and a greater need for child labor. This proves the mindset of the parents who take their children out of schools or who dont send them to school at all. The main reason behind it being, that they cannot afford to run large family expenses on their own. High birth rate is considered an asset for the families, who look forward for the child to grow up and help out with family expenditures. In a survey conducted on Punjab, a total 3,708 questionnaires were filled in 309 households. Literacy of the household, irrelevant of the degree of literacy has a negative effect on child labor in the family (Siddiqi, 2009). In another analysis from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey, conducted under the patronage of the World Bank in 1991, as a part of Living Standards Measurement Survey; 4,800 households were covered in 300 communities, divided between rural and urban localities. It was found that the cost of primary schooling is Rs 126 a year for a child who doesnt work and Rs 165 for a child who works. Lower school attendance was accounted for high transportation costs. In comparison to working and non-working children, the factors contributing to child labor were found to be lack of education among adults, less landownership and low per capita expenditure. It was also found that greater the distance of a community from other populated areas, the higher the chances of child labor. Among the sa mples, 61% had attended schools. From the total number of boys sampled, 81% has attended school at some stage and out of the girls proportion sampled, on 39% had ever attended school. In the final analysis, the primary schooling cost was directly proportional to the probability of the child working and indirectly proportional to school attendance. Education and child labor are interconnected, The International Labor Organization considers improvement in access to schools and school quality to be the most effective way of reducing child labor in less developed countries (Hazarika and Bedi, 2003) The Employment of Children Act of 1991 prohibits the use of child labor in hazardous works and environments. The Bonded Labor Act of 1992 abolished bondage labor and any bonded labor before the law was ordered to be set free. According to ILAB (2010), In Pakistan, a child is defined as a person younger than fifteen. The legal minimum age for employment is 14 for shops and commerce, industry, and work at sea, and 15 for mines and on railways. Though the laws are present, the enforcement has not been adequate enough to tackle the problem. Enforcement of child labor laws in Pakistan is hampered by the lack of manpower and expertise in the Department of Labor and a general acceptance of child labor, according to Professor Omar Noman (Ibid). The plights of the child workers usually go unheard, Tariq, a Bondage Labor Liberation Front worker inspected a carpet factory where bonded child laborers as young as eight and nine year olds work. The findings were then reported to the Police sergean t in charge, Tariq told him about the conditions in the workshop, about the children. The sergeant was perplexed. Is this a crime? he asked. No one has ever complained before. What do you want us to do about it? Tariq suggested sending officers to investigate, along with a medical-services crew for the children. The sergeant left to consult his superior. Two minutes later he returned with the superintendent, a gracious, mustachioed man of fifty. We are not unsympathetic to your complaint, the superintendent informed Tariq. But the place you describe is registered as a home enterprise. It is run by a small landowner, and the workers are his immediate family. Family businesses are exempt from the labor laws. This enterprise is not illegal. The superintendent opened a binder and showed Tariq the workshops registration certificate. Tariq attempted to correct him, but the superintendent said, What you say may or may not be true. Unfortunately, our jurisdiction does not include child labo r. I have no authority to investigate a private workplace. I have no evidence that the children are working there against their will or that their lives are in jeopardy. The mechanism for doing what you ask simply does not exist here. (Silvers, 1996) Police, with bureaucrats are involved in corruption and turn a blind eye on the child labor issue in Pakistan. Although the laws are present against it as the government lauds, but very little action is taken to enforce it. The lack of acknowledgment from the government and people is the result of the situation regarding child labor in the country. Some economists argue that the third world nations benefit from sweatshop jobs, by offering worlds poor release from malnourishment and destitution. Low wage factories that employ children to make clothes and shoes for foreign market are a first step towards prosperity in developing countries. However, these sweatshop workers are paid low wages for long working hours. They dont have any labor rights or unions to discuss their rights. Often child workers are abused so to force them to work for long hours. Prosperity is not measured by the low earnings from these sweat shops, it is by educating the child. Although, the child laborer brings little money back home, however, the child is deprived off its right of education and the right of living a normal childhood. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that all children get basic education and their human rights should not be violated. Bringing prosperity to a developing country is by uprooting corruption, which lets child laborers take this step to trade their childhood and innocence with the burdensome labor for petty wages. Due to a combination of factors, such as ignorance from the parents of not educating their children, selling them as bonded labor, poverty, corruption of the government and the employers. Child labor is detrimental to the society of Pakistan. It robs the child off its right of education and hence getting higher paying jobs. Child labor is a temporary solution to poverty and not the ultimate solution.